Celiac disease (CD), a gluten-induced autoimmune disease, is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) among children. Unfortunately, it is often diagnosed in adulthood, which may lead to an increased risk of fragile bones. The aim of this systematic review was to report on BMD status among young adults newly diagnosed with CD, and to examine the effect of a gluten-free diet (GFD), nutritional supplements, such as vitamin D, or antiresorptive medications on BMD recovery. Databases searched were Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to July 2nd, 2020. Both observational studies and clinical trials were considered, if patients were newly diagnosed and between 20 and 35 years of age and reported on BMD. We critically appraised the identified studies using ROBINS-I and summarized the findings narratively. Out of 3991 references, we identified 3 eligible studies: one cross-sectional study and two longitudinal studies. In total, 188 patients were included, and the study population consisted primarily of women with an age range between 29 and 37 years old. Compared to healthy controls, our target population had lower BMD. Moreover, a strict GFD may increase BMD during a follow-up period of up to 5 years. Newly diagnosed CD patients aged 20-35 years are at risk of lower BMD. Therefore, it may be crucial to assess BMD at time of diagnosis in young women. Whether the results can be extrapolated to young men is unknown. While strict GFD may improve BMD over time, there is a lack of robust evidence to demonstrate that nutritional supplements or antiresorptive agents are beneficial in the prevention of fragile bones in this age group.

OBJECTIVE: To describe baseline characteristics and to compare treatment effectiveness of secukinumab versus tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) using adalimumab as the main comparator.

METHODS: Observational, prospective cohort study. Patients with SpA (clinical ankylosing spondylitis/non-radiographic axial SpA/undifferentiated SpA) starting secukinumab or a TNFi during 2015-2018 were identified from five Nordic clinical rheumatology registries. Comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations (psoriasis/uveitis/inflammatory bowel disease) were captured from national registries (data available in 94% of patients) and included in multivariable analyses. We assessed 1-year treatment retention (crude survival curves, adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for treatment discontinuation) and 6-months' response-rates (ASDAS<2.1/BASDAI<40mm, crude/LUNDEX-adjusted, adjusted logistic-regression analyses with odds-ratio(OR)), stratified by line of biological treatment (1st /2nd /3rd +).

RESULTS: In total, 10,853 treatment courses (842 secukinumab/10,011 TNFi whereof 1,977 adalimumab) were included. The proportion treated with secukinumab during 1st /2nd /3rd + was 1%/6%/22%). Extra-articular manifestations varied across treatments, while other baseline characteristics were largely similar. Secukinumab had a one-year retention comparable to adalimumab as 1st or 2nd , but poorer as 3rd + line of therapy (secukinumab 56% (51%-61%) versus adalimumab 70% (64%-75%)), adjusted HR 1.43 (1.12-1.81). Across treatment lines, secukinumab had poorer estimates for 6-months response rates than adalimumab, statistically significantly so only for 3rd + line (adjusted analyses: ASDAS<2.1 OR=0.56 (0.35-0.90), BASDAI<40mm OR=0.62 (0.41-0.95)). Treatment outcomes varied across the five TNFi.

CONCLUSION: Secukinumab was mainly used in biologically experienced SpA patients. Secukinumab and adalimumab performed similar in patients who had failed a first biological, although with increasing prior biological exposure, adalimumab was superior.

OBJECTIVE: Globally, dementia disproportionally affects women, which is not fully explained by higher female longevity. Oophorectomy at any age leads to the permanent loss of ovarian sex steroids, potentially increasing the risk of dementia. We aimed to investigate the association between oophorectomy and dementia and whether this was conditional on age at oophorectomy, hysterectomy or use of hormone therapy (HT).

METHODS: A prospective study of 24,851 female nurses from the Danish Nurse Cohort. Nurses were followed from age 60 years or entry into the cohort, whichever came last, until date of dementia, death, emigration or end of follow-up (December 31, 2018), whichever came first. Poisson regression models with log-transformed person-years as offset were used to estimate the associations.

RESULTS: During 334,420 person-years of follow-up, 1,238 (5.0%) nurses developed dementia and 1,969 (7.9%)/1,016 (4.1%) contributed person-time after bilateral-/unilateral oophorectomy. In adjusted analyses, an 18% higher rate of dementia was observed following bilateral oophorectomy (aRR 1.18: 95% CI, 0.89-1.56) and 13% lower rate (aRR 0.87: 95% CI, 0.59-1.23) following unilateral oophorectomy compared to nurses who retained their ovaries. Similar effects were detected after stratification according to age at oophorectomy. No statistically significant modifying effects of hysterectomy or HT were detected (Pinteraction≥0.60).

CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral, but not unilateral, oophorectomy was associated with an increased rate of incident dementia. We were unable to establish whether this association was conditional on hysterectomy or HT use. Although an increase in dementia after bilateral oophorectomy is biologically plausible, limited statistical power hampers the precision of the estimates.